When implementing functions like data fusion, power management and transmission scheduling, in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), it is required that all the nodes share a common reference of time. Thus, time synchronization is crucial for UWSNs.
Energy consumption and accuracy are two essential factors for designing a synchronization protocol.
Researchers from the Institute of Acoustics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IACAS) proposed a three-step receiver-only-based time synchronization protocol for UWSNs, which was energy-efficient with high synchronization accuracy.
Adopting the receiver-only-synchronization scheme, researchers used the silent nodes (the nodes that could only receive messages) in the UWSN to overhear a pair of active nodes (the nodes that could both send and receive messages) and performed two-way timing message exchanges. This kind of scheme reduced the amount of message-exchanges among nodes.
In the proposed protocol, the researchers used support vector machine to estimate the clock skew on the active node. Then they calculated the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of the clock skew on the silent node (without using CVX toolboxes) and a minimum variance unbiased estimation of the offsets on both active and silent nodes.
The results showed that the proposed protocol had lower energy consumption and higher synchronization accuracy than other existing protocols such as LDA, JMLE, and GMLLE.
The research, published online in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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